ACTIVITY 13

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1. The term _________________ is used to name the chemical reaction that occurs when a vegetable oil or animal fat is combined with a strong base. The products of the saponification are ____________and ____________. The word saponification literally means “_________________”. The root word “_________” means “soap” in Latin. In Italian, soap is called “___________”. The art of making soap has its origins in Ancient _______________around 2500 - 2800 AC.

2. Esters react with a base in a process called ______________. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of _____________ or ___________________.

3. There are two reactants in the saponification reaction:
______________________. Three fatty acids joined to a _______________ molecule
______________________. A base is a substance that produces __________ions (OH-) when it dissolves in water. The most common strong bases used in saponification are ___________________ and ____________________.

4. There are two products from the saponification reaction:
________________ is the salt of a fatty acid. Each soap molecule has a large hydrocarbon chain (called a tail), with a “head” formed by a _____________ group. The tail of the soap molecule is hydrophobic (it repels water) while the head of the soap molecule is __________________ (it is _____________ to water). This gives soap its __________________properties.

5. Write the structure for the Glycerol molecule and write the other name for it.


6. In the industrial production of soap, _______________ or ___________________ are heated with ____________________. Once saponification has finished, __________________is added to precipitate the soap. Sodium chloride is _____________, and “precipitation” means that the soap will be deposited as a _________ or _____________ at the bottom of the container. The water suspended at the surface of the container is removed and the ____________ is recovered through distillation.


7. Soap obtained in this way still has many ___________. Through a purification process and different treatments, industrial soaps, laundry soaps, cosmetic soaps, liquid soaps and others are obtained.

8. The soap molecule has two parts, explain them in your own words

9. Soap has two main functions, write them:

10. Soap molecules dissolve in water in the following way: the _______________ part of the soap molecule allows the _______________ part of the molecule (the tail) to come into contact with other ________________ substances such as fats that need to be cleaned. The tail joins with the fats that are released and become encapsulated in water droplets. In this state of suspension, ___________, fat and _____________ can easily be rinsed away.
Saponification can be used in other circumstances besides the making of soap.

11. Saponification also refers to the conversion of ________and other _______________ in a cadaver into __________, also known as “_______________”. This process is more commonly practiced in _____________ people that have a lot of ____________, if there is a low amount of agents of decomposition and if the burial grounds are particularly alkaline. The formation of ____________slows down decomposition by inhibiting ______________ that cause ______________.

12. In fires where the ignition factor is _________________, the fire can be extinguished with a wet _______________________. These extinguishers are designed to transform _________________ into _____________ that are not combustible through saponification. This process is ________________ (absorbing energy), in this case, absorbing the thermic energy of the _________, and eliminating it by lowing the ____________.