5. Short chains are considered to be _________________
6. Larger chains are formed from_______________ and contain __________, __________ and_______________
7. What is the colour of the petroleum?
8. The majority of the petroleum is used to_________________ for example:
9. Which are the primary energy sources?
10. Why petroleum is very important in our lives?
11. Write some uses of the petroleum
12. Where petroleum can be founded?
13. Why we can take care of the reserves of petroleum?
14. Petroleum and natural gas are formed as a______________
15. Write with your own words the origin of the petroleum
16. Make a drawing representing the origin of petroleum
17. What is necessary to do in order to use the petroleum?
18. What is the purpose of refining?
19. Components forming petroleum have different ________________.
20. The boiling point increases as __________________
21. The long chains can be separated by ______________
22. In part of the refining process, the _______________ is heated and all the different ___________________ are separated according to their ______________. This part of the process is called _____________________.
23. What is the natural gas?
24. Write the uses for the natural gas
25. What is the composition of the naphtha?
26. What is the use of naphtha?
27. What is the composition of the gasoline?
28. What is the composition of the kerosene?
29. Write the uses for kerosene
30. What is the composition of the diesel?
31. Lubricating oils include___________________
32. What is the composition of lubricating oil?
33. Write the composition of the fuel oil
34. Residues include_________________
35. What causes the abuse of energy?
36. In which manner the CO2 affects the environment?
37. Write another sources of energy instead using petroleum
38. What can you do in order to protect the environment?
1. __________________is the chemical process that ___________ down _________ organic molecules to form ___________ ones through a ___________.
2. Cells need ____________to carry out their functions and to stay alive. This energy is stored in a compound abbreviated _____________. There are two ways for a cell to get energy from foods: by _____________ or by __________________. Both ways begin with a process called ______________, but then they differ.
3. _________________ is a process in which _______________ (a sugar with 6 carbons) is ______________ down into __________ molecules of __________________ (a 3 carbon sugar). During ______________, ____________ doesn´t need to be present. It is for this reason that one of the conditions for ____________________ is that oxygen _________ present.
4. An important difference between _______________ respiration and ________________________is the total production of __________. In cellular respiration (a process that takes place in the presence of oxygen), a _________ amount of energy is produced in __________________.
5. In fermentation, the ____________ acid molecules are partly transformed into _______________ and partly consumed during the process. Only ____ molecules of ___________ are produced during ____________, compared to the __________ATPs produced during ___________ respiration.
6. The main types of fermentation are:
7. If the muscles in our bodies receive enough __________ through the __________, ______________ will be completely metabolized into _________ and ___________.
8. Write the formula for the cellular respiration
9. During activities that require a lot of _________ exertion, the oxygen available may not be enough, creating ___________ conditions (lack of oxygen). This causes ____________ to be broken down into ______molecules of __________ acid.
10. The presence of _________ acid in __________ causes the "___________” you get after having done a lot of exercise. When __________ acid forms in the tissues due to the absence of ___________, the muscle can´t do anything with it, and it must be eliminated ____________ by __________ through the blood, which carries it to the ____________ to be eliminated. Overexerted muscles feel _____________ and ___________ even though there is no _________.
11. There are ______________ in milk that transform __________ (milk sugar) into __________ acid.
12. Lactic acid is what gives __________ its flavor.
13. The fermentation of ____________ does not produce __________ acid. Its final products are _____________ and __________. It is carried out through ______________ that break down ___________ into ______ molecules of ____________ and __________________. Humans take advantage of this process to make _________, __________ and __________.
14. In making bread, the _____________ is the enzyme that forms the _______ that is trapped in the _________ of the bread and makes the bread __________. The _____________ that evaporates while the bread is baked is what gives it that delicious ________ while it is _________.
15. Fermentation takes place in the following situations:
16. _________________ is the chemical reaction between a ____________ acid and an _______________ to produce and ester and water through _____________.
17. Write the formula for esterification
18. ________________ have a pleasant aroma and they are used as food _____________.
19. At industrial levels the following esters are produced:
_____________________, which is used as a ______________ and to separate liquid mixtures; and ________________, which is used as a solvent and whose presence in _____________ ruins its flavor.
1. Combustion implies the chemical reaction of a __________ with an ______________, where light or heat energy is obtained as a ________. Whenever something is “burned”, ____________ is taking place. The word equation for combustion of a hydrocarbon is:2. This reaction must always be _______________(atoms in the reactants = atoms in the products).3. Combustion is a reaction in which...4. The net result of this chemical change is the liberation of _____________. When a chemical reaction liberates heat, it is known as an _______________ reaction. 5. If a gram of carbon is burned with pure _____________, it will form ________________ as its only product. 6. The first step is breaking the ___________ between the _______________ and the oxygen atoms. For this to happen, you need to add _____________ to the carbon/oxygen mixture. This is done for example with a _________. 7. When the ________________ bonds and the _______________ bonds have broken, they form new ___________. The ____________ atoms combine with _____________ atoms to form __________________. The amount of energy liberated when 1 mole of carbon is burned with oxygen is _______kilocalories. 8. Three things are necessary for combustion to take place, write them...9. ____________ agent. The oxygen (O2) in air is the most common __________ agent used in ____________. 10. What happens during combustion? (explain it with your own words)11. Upon breaking the bonds in the hydrocarbon, all the different compounds combine with oxygen. Whenever a hydrocarbon is burned, it produces __________. 12. If the hydrocarbon has hydrogen, this combines with the oxygen to form _______. 13. ____________ is produced in the form of light or heat. 14. Combustion has allowed humanity to survive since it provides ________ to fight off cold and to ___________ food. 15. Early scientists believed that combustion liberated a “________________” upon burning the material. This assertion explains how the ________ of substance such as wood could not ________. This idea lasted for at least _____ centuries. One thing this theory could not explain was the fact that some substances ___________ after they are burned. 16. Since the discovery of oxygen, French scientist ___________________ formulated a theory affirming that combustion is the process in which _____________ combine with ____________. After experiments with more exact measurements, he was able to prove his theory correct. 17. Lavoisier also studied the heat generated by ___________. In his experiments, he was able to demonstrate that the amount of _______ applied to separate a ________________is the same as the heat liberated when the same ____________ is formed. With this discovery, ___________________ was born. 18. With the _______________________, it was possible to use the combustion in ___________ machines to generate work from them. With the combustion of ___________, water was heated until it ___________, and by evaporating it was able to move ______________ and ___________ machines. This same process is used in plants that generate _______________. 19. Until new __________ were discovered, like __________ and others derived from ______________, internal combustion ____________ were created and the methods of ________________ were made accessible to greater population. 20. Today, the majority of transportation depends on the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel such as ____________, ______________, or _____________ fuel to move vehicles. 21. Global warming. The global temperature of the ________ has ____________ in the last 20 years. This is causing a series of ___________ changes that can be violent and cause deaths (___________, ___________,_________). Scientists believe that an increase in _________ produced by the burning of hydrocarbons such as ______________ is causing the _____________ effect, which is responsible for global ___________. 22. Explain with your own words the Greenhouse effect23. How the acid rain is produced? Explain it with your own words.
1. The term _________________ is used to name the chemical reaction that occurs when a vegetable oil or animal fat is combined with a strong base. The products of the saponification are ____________and ____________. The word saponification literally means “_________________”. The root word “_________” means “soap” in Latin. In Italian, soap is called “___________”. The art of making soap has its origins in Ancient _______________around 2500 - 2800 AC.
2. Esters react with a base in a process called ______________. Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of _____________ or ___________________.
3. There are two reactants in the saponification reaction: ______________________. Three fatty acids joined to a _______________ molecule ______________________. A base is a substance that produces __________ions (OH-) when it dissolves in water. The most common strong bases used in saponification are ___________________ and ____________________.
4. There are two products from the saponification reaction: ________________ is the salt of a fatty acid. Each soap molecule has a large hydrocarbon chain (called a tail), with a “head” formed by a _____________ group. The tail of the soap molecule is hydrophobic (it repels water) while the head of the soap molecule is __________________ (it is _____________ to water). This gives soap its __________________properties.
5. Write the structure for the Glycerol molecule and write the other name for it.
6. In the industrial production of soap, _______________ or ___________________ are heated with ____________________. Once saponification has finished, __________________is added to precipitate the soap. Sodium chloride is _____________, and “precipitation” means that the soap will be deposited as a _________ or _____________ at the bottom of the container. The water suspended at the surface of the container is removed and the ____________ is recovered through distillation.
7. Soap obtained in this way still has many ___________. Through a purification process and different treatments, industrial soaps, laundry soaps, cosmetic soaps, liquid soaps and others are obtained.
8. The soap molecule has two parts, explain them in your own words
9. Soap has two main functions, write them:
10. Soap molecules dissolve in water in the following way: the _______________ part of the soap molecule allows the _______________ part of the molecule (the tail) to come into contact with other ________________ substances such as fats that need to be cleaned. The tail joins with the fats that are released and become encapsulated in water droplets. In this state of suspension, ___________, fat and _____________ can easily be rinsed away. Saponification can be used in other circumstances besides the making of soap.
11. Saponification also refers to the conversion of ________and other _______________ in a cadaver into __________, also known as “_______________”. This process is more commonly practiced in _____________ people that have a lot of ____________, if there is a low amount of agents of decomposition and if the burial grounds are particularly alkaline. The formation of ____________slows down decomposition by inhibiting ______________ that cause ______________.
12. In fires where the ignition factor is _________________, the fire can be extinguished with a wet _______________________. These extinguishers are designed to transform _________________ into _____________ that are not combustible through saponification. This process is ________________ (absorbing energy), in this case, absorbing the thermic energy of the _________, and eliminating it by lowing the ____________.
1.A _______________is a compound that is composed of macromolecules. They are very _________ molecules that have smaller repetitive ________ within the molecule, joined by __________ bonds. There are _________ and ___________ polymers.
2.The small subunits that make up a polymer are called ____________. A monomer is a type of compound that reacts with many molecules to form a ____________ molecule (macromolecule).
3.Polymers can be formed by a __________ monomer (unit) that ________ itself for a determined number of times, or by a sequence of different __________ that are repeated in an orderly way.
4.Write an example of chemical reaction and write the names of the reactants and also the name of the products
5.A ____________ is a substance that ________ up a reaction but does not participate in it (it is neither a reactant nor a product). It is usually written ________ the arrow.
6.A polymerization reaction is one in which the final product is a __________. There are 2 types of chemical reactions to form polymers:
7.Addition polymerization involves the union of molecules that have _______ or __________ bonds. These unsaturated _________ (identical monomers that make up polymers) have internal bonds that break and join others to form a chain of repeating monomers. Addition polymerization is used in the manufacture of polymers such as ______________, _____________, and _________________________ (PVC).
8._________ is an alkene with the formula CH2 = CH2. Its common name is ____________. It is the monomer used in the addition polymerization to produce _________________
9._________is an alkene with the formula CH2 = CH – CH3. Its common name is _____________. It is the monomer used in addition polymerization to produce ____________________.
10._______________is an alkene with the formula CH2 = CH – Cl. Its common name is _______________. It is the monomer used in addition polymerization to make ____________________ (PVC).
11.Write the steps in the polymerization reaction:
12.____________ is a very important industrial product since it has the following characteristics:
13.The ______________ is also affected by the number of monomers that it’s made up of. A chain of ________________ with 100 monomers joined together has the consistency of ___________. At 1000 monomers or more, it has a more ridge consistency.
14.__________________ is used to make refrigerator shelves, _________ milk bottles, _____________ coverings, toy, as well as other things.
15.___________________is a thermoplastic polymer that is used in ____________________, ___________, ___________, reusable containers and thermal _________, as well as other items. The polymer __________ is used mainly in construction.
16.In ____________polymerization, 2 different monomers react to form a polymer, with water being liberated as a byproduct.
17._____________ is a polymer that is formed when a _____________ acid reacts with a ______. A dicarboxylic acid has 2 ____________ groups. A diol is an _____________ that has 2 hydroxyl groups. These two monomers are joined by condensation polymerization. Textile fibers are made with __________.
18.The main reason that _________ was created was to find a synthetic fiber to match the properties of natural ________. Nylon is a __________ synthesized by ____________ polymerization.
